Claims(20)
I claim:
1. A generator having a resistive coil wherein said generator is capable of exhibiting acceleration under load.
2. A generator coil according to claim 1 comprising sufficient inductance, impedance and self-induced capacitance when operated at a sufficient frequency to, in the regions prior to TDC, disallow current to flow in the coil and store energy externally around the coil in the electromagnetic field as an inductor, but will force the coil to store useful energy internally in the electrostatic field capacitively until substantially the moment of TDC wherein this maximum internally-stored energy is released as a magnetic field of identical polarity to the receding rotor magnetic field with substantially its full instantaneous force being exerted upon the magnet pole.


3. The coil of claim 2 further comprising at least one wire winding of relatively reduced gauge selected to increase said sufficient inductance, impedance and self-induced capacitance and wherein the coil turns ratio is increased substantially in proportion to the decrease in wire gauge
4. The coil of claim 3 wherein the inductance of the coil is increased by an amount effective to modify the magnetic force between the coil and stator magnet by at least 1%
5. The coil of claim 2 wherein said disallowing of current to flow is achieved by employing bi-filar coils and while substantially maintaining the prior art DC coil resistance, wire gauge and turns ratio
6. The coil of claim 4 wherein said inductance of the coil forms a tuned circuit with the capacitance of the coil causing it to become self-resonant.


7. The coil of claim 2 wherein said stored electrostatic energy is released to be exerted upon the stator magnet pole at substantially the 45 degree mark
8. The coil of claim 5 further comprising different modes of operation which can be employed at any time and in combination with a plurality of coils via electronic or manual switching of different coil configurations.

number {9} nine= Coil modes of operation

Parallel wound, parallel connected bi-filar wound motor coil.
ii. Parallel wound, series connected bi-filar wound motor coil.
iii. Parallel wound, parallel connected bi-filar wound conventional (system decelerating) coil.
iv. Parallel wound, series connected bi-filar wound ReGen-X (system accelerating) coil.
v. High Impedance ReGen-X coil.

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10. The coil of claim 9 further comprising a step up or step down transformer.
11. The coil of claim 1 further comprising Flux Harvesting wherein, when operated as a plurality of salient or independent coils, subject to particular positioning of the coils, the discharging flux from said coil is collected into adjacent generator coils resulting in net additive flux in the coils, including the rotor flux plus the induced flux from other coils
12. The coil of claim 2 wherein the impedence of the coil is in the range 1-10 OHM

13. The coil of claim 2 wherein the impedence of the coil is in the range 10-100 OHM
14. The coil of claim 2 wherein the impedence of the coil is in the range 100-1000 OHM
15. The coil of claim 5 wherein said bi-filar windings increase coil impedance and self-induced capacitance in the range of 1-10%.
16. The coil of claim 5 wherein said bi-filar windings increase coil impedance and self-induced capacitance in the range of 10-100%.


17. The coil of claim 5 wherein said bi-filar windings increase coil impedance and self-induced capacitance in the range of 100-1000%.
18. The coil claim 11 further comprising a ReGen-X coil adjacent to a motor coil such that the discharging magnetic field from the motor coil is collected in the ReGen-X coil to reduce the net power consumption by the motor coil.
19. The coil of claim 3 wherein the inductance of the coil is increased by an amount effective to modify the magnetic force between the coil and stator magnet in the range 1%-10%
20. The coil of claim 3 wherein the inductance of the coil is increased by an amount effective to modify the magnetic force between the coil and stator magnet in the range 10%-100%

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This is how your BASIC COIL will accelerate under a load and
at the same time send power back to the source.

Let me say that again. We first must understand the basic coil
being used as both a motor and generator coil.

Thane has done that for years. Here he is. If you missed this, you
missed the boat completely. Before that Thane had already
explained how his BiTT transformers used Permalloy cores with
coil winds that are 3X-5X more copper mass.

This is the ReGenX coil theory, reactive power operating at
a certain resonant perimeter so as to reflect motoring energy
back to source and around again without the use of high
tech circuits.

The ReGenXtra uses these coils AND switch recovery circuits but
for now let's not talk circuits until we understand the Basic Coil.

This is so simple it is stupid. HIGH IMPEDANCE COILS,YES?

All I asked is 8 minutes of your time .

it is a "BASIC COIL" acting AS a Capacitor.

This brings about a phase shift or delay if you will.

The "Critical minimum frequency" is a function of the coil
perimeters and can be derived through experimentation.
This will give your desired RPM at that HIGH impedance value.

The coil stores energy in the ELECTROSTATIC not ELECTROMAGNETIC.









Patent US20140111054 - Generator and Improved Coil
Therefor Having Electrodynamic Properties - Google Patents



In 2008 eight years ago Thane gave us the answer on how to
build a motor coil to accelerate under a load.

For those who didn't catch basic highlights due to the amount of
posted information, let me point out that the waveform for
"THE BASIC COIL" for accelerating the motor under a load
was freely given without malice. Thane is a great man.

In this entry I am showing you a short video where Thane
explains the ReGenX waveform JUST as he had done with
his transformer coils.

This revelation has been freely shared with everyone.

Also the Patent from 2008, just so we all know where these
effects came from and who had originally delivered them into
the public domain.

I will be back to cover the basics until I am satisfied that everyone
understands the principle. Conventional coils in conventional
motors have ohmic resistances of .3 or .5 , however when using
coils to operate them to store "ELECTROSTATIC energy we do not
use conventional coils.

Conventional coils are based on coils storing energy in the
electromagnet field. Tesla always spoke about coils having
capacitance but what most miss is that the fields Tesla operated
were not always electromagnetic.

Also look at the phase delay or delayed Lenz in the BiTT.

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Hello Dog-one

Quote:

Originally Posted by Armagdn03 Every coil, no matter how it is wound has two intrinsic inverse or reciprocal properties. Inductive / current / magnetic.... and .... Capacitive / voltage / electric. When a frequency of electric, magnetic or electromagnetic impinges on the coil, the two aspects will react in two different ways. High frequencies will greatly "affect" the capacitive nature of the coil, low frequencies will greatly affect the inductive nature of the coil. At one particular frequency (the fundamental) they meet in agreement. At this frequency they both have the same "resistance" or impedance" they meet in harmony, equality, about an axis of symmetry etc. This line of equilibrium, fulcrum or whatever you want to call it is where the two inverse qualities meet in the realm of time (frequency). IF the coil was simply let to resonate (imagine a tuning fork) it would resonate at this frequency. Turns out there are other frequencies of interest too, but the most interesting one, the most basic one etc, falls at the fundamental, the others are all variations on this. Figure out how the most simple systems act, react, what the significance of each is. Then you can apply. Think of the progression of Euclids Elements, how do we construct a working model.

Thank you for your correction and I will contemplate your entry.

I think it is important to keep things on a simple level and keep
reminding one another that there are many experimental setups
built by Thane. We need to make clear in easy terms what each
video is about.

Here is another setup, one of many of Thane heins using his same
stumbled upon delayed lenz effect produced using high impedance
coils.

This one is a good next video in a progression of Thane's work
running motors with generator coils together. In his other video's
you will mostly see Thane using a conventional motor in his test
bed that the shaft connects to a magnet rotor with generator coils
to recover energy.

In this video he has 3 homemade coils for motoring and 3 hand
wound high impedance generator coils that could be used as
substitute motorcycle engine. Or scooter that runs 50 MPH.

One set of 3 convention motoring coils and one set of 3 coils
that have more copper mass (3-10 ohms) producing a delay in CEMF.

The conventional yellow motor only serves as a load of rotating mass
just like the large shaft and flywheel does.

Let's all keep in mind that these demo's are not made to address
a PHD professor but rather business men who look for the practical
side of the innovation. These business men are highly intelligent
individuals who have 1000's of details on their minds while at work
and to expect them to understand the depths of inter-dimentional
physics or any number of other dazzling speculative phenomena
over coffee would be fool hearty.

People are all different and should work together, not try to out do
one another with their gifts, that is the mark of adolescence.

Besides, the effect is so simple that a grade school student can
understand it. It is the simple things that always confuse
those who feel they are wise beyond belief.

Now let me keep reminding everyone what this setup is not

1 It does not use generator coils the way normal regenerative
generator coils do.

2 It does not include other electronic switching recovery circuits.

3 It does not use the yellow motor as a prime mover.

These generator coils are simply being shorted out. This is the
grade school level device.

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Very cool thread. Thanks for creating it.

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Thanks MJ

A special thanks to LUC for his work, great progress.

Also included is a calculation. This is a very important subject
and will be easy to use with DC motors such as a scooter has.

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Here is another design where Regen coil impedance is set to
supply power to a charging circuit to send power back to the drive
battery while the vehicle accelerates down the road as usual.

The normal operation of the DC drive motor is not effected by this
form of coil recovery system. Instead of shorting the GEN coils and
simply assisting the rotor by adding speed and power directly, this
design sends power back to the battery.

Luc has done us a great service by showing the effects of high
impedance coils from A-Z. A random drawing of lots for selecting
coil impedance not based of a wide range of variables might leave
us with conflicting data.







[IMG][/IMG]


This is fine for testing but ultimately the shortest distance at the exact
impedance to manifest the critical minimum effect will lower over all
losses for the end produce.

But we needed LUC'S learning tool to get us years into the future
on this project. Quick and painless adjustments to show that in
every case the phase delay is not the only consideration though it
is the primary one.

The system principles never change, just the way you choose to use
them.

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In this diagram I have shown the full setup as always for
your understanding on the subject. The diagram and the video
are the creation of a man we all know and have come to
respect for his practical applications.

Many content that other ways of harvesting energy can be
accomplished, this is one of the many tests to be done in
the evolution of our understanding of the BASIC COIL
functioning in both modes.

Here you will see one of the 6 generator coils wound to a
high impedance, acting as a motoring coil with the other
5 coils left to function as usual.

I think this might be the first step away from using high
impedance coils strictly for generating and yet be harvesting
energy from the motoring coil while it powers the vehicle.

You might think of the single motoring coil as a boost coil that
accelerates the EV from 55 mph on up to 70 MPH, a sort of
passing gear mode.

Again another practical application to attract the people who
need something that is more than speculation. In other words
the big money wants to know what it can do, not so much the
terminology of a new idea that only the inventor sees.

It works, so let's work it and from there improve it by adding
another dreamed up idea. Don't underestimate the power of the
dreamer.

Many people around the world have no idea what the setup in
in this video is, I do, I understand the man perfectly.

One motoring coil along side of the main EV DC motor and the
rest of the high impedance coils (5) are acting as ReGenX coils.

Watch the meter as the switches are thrown.










Powering a Scooter

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In this diagram are 2 systems that are over charging the battery
while accelerating under a load.

The meters show excess recovery. The PWM drive also is a flyback
or a recovery upon coil collapse circuitry. The ReGenX coils are
doing their job also but it is interesting to note that the motor
coils energies are being harvested at the same time the circuit
powers them.











The ReGen-X DC EV Motor/Generator provides 100% continuous battery recharging capabilities in ALL 4 modes of operation from greater than 0 RPM in Motor Mode, Regenerative Acceleration Mode, Regenerative Braking Mode and KERS Mode - battery recharging while vehicle stopped. It can be added to ANY existing EV to increase vehicle performance, range and battery life while reducing battery weight, cost and recharge times.

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@BroMikey. Thanks for this great thread. It is exactly the theme I am exploring in my test setup. I choose for a linear motor/generator to make the process more clear. I follow your claim 2: Parallel wound, series connected bi-filar wound motor (and generator) coil. The change I made was to use an assembled 'rotor' magnet. Which means I glue'd 2 magnets in repulsion together. The effect this has at the generator and motor coil I have still to investigate. Till now i have to note that with the repulsion magnet, the resonator 'falls' in a stable 'high' resonance of 20Hz; at the same time the input current sinks with a third.
This video of today shows the behavior of the magnet and pickup coil.

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WOW, yes much more to gain. Thank You also and please post all of
your work here. I thought I was the only one who wants to push
strong magnets together in cancellation to flip their polarity with a
small input. I like your way very much

What I have been thinking is to use some NEO's (Like you did) AND
some RUBBER magnets AND some CERAMIC magnets to stack them
also using spacers, also using thin pieces for shields to push the
field around to the pushing pressure is on the verge of flipping
the polarity so I can use a small coil spike to TRIP the magnetic
FLIP that would instantly return to normal after the spike from the
coil collapse.

The idea came from JOHN BEDINI the koolest guy on the planet.

Show me more, I love it, this is the right way.

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Bromikey,
Very interesting thread dude.

I missed the boat totally when Thane Heins came out with this. I want to study the replication of this coil, this regenx coil to test on a setup I have being working on lately.

The bifilar parallel part I get, but is this connected as the Tesla pancake coil is or am I still missing the boat.

Or if you can direct me to the earliest thread on the replication of the coil would be great.

Thanks,
wantomake

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Hello wantomake

The only other material you will find to look at is THANE'S BiTT and
I am sure you know that this is a transformer. Look for the 90
degree phase shift that ia part of Engineering calculations
called power factor.

Reactive power is what we want.

Okay let me speak to everyone now. The chatter about BASIC COILS
and Free Energy Coils coming from the young boys is almost funny.
In one example the posing authority on running motors as generators
says that Thane has a small brain because his runs in phase on current
to voltage. Then later comes back and changes what he said stating
that the phase shift is an important finding of his when all of these
roads have been crossed long ago.

Yes what Thane is doing makes sense, yes Dave you are right to use
a conventional motor as the prime mover. Yes, Yes, Yes!!!! Yes because
all conventional devices using a motor are already setup to do a job
whether it be an electric car or an electric mixer.

What kind of a clown thinks that men like THANE are stupid and that
he doesn't have a self sustaining device worth a penny? You got it
a hard head who is out to prove to the world his is better than anyone
has ever dreamed and stops at nothing to steal another man's
invention.

John Bedini said that 30 years ago and he was right then.

Thane can run electric vehicles at multiple COP'S just like Turion
has done with his machines. AUL or Acceleration Under Load is
the opposite of deceleration Under Load or DUL.

It's that simple.

Anyone wanting to run a Motor Generator into a great COP, talk
to him as he has a model for a few bucks that proves out the
entire Mo/Gen thing.

John Bedini did the same thing, he used a conventional motor in
his beginnings doing high COP's and later the motor and Generator
coils worked as one, but whenever high COP's were realized separate
generator coils were placed all around his motor. So basically he
built a motor coil that was wired up to recover energy easily and
then the larger generator coils populate the remaining area around
the motor.

Always 2 separate systems.

I have considered doing Turion's experiment first as an inexpensive
proof that higher than 1 COP's are easily reached.

Dave is the only one on this forum that knows what he is talking
about first hand and has the machines to prove it. Plus youtube's
a video of it working.


Thane is the same way.

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Exactly, you don't need much recirculated energy to keep
that battery up with all of the energy per stage. I can see
it getting clearer. You know what I think?

I think that anyone (such as yourself) who has given themselves
to motor gen setups, for any length of time will have their own
explanation about why but in the end we will see some common
denominators. Like longer coil winds and high impedance values
that facilitate/assist rotor torque when loaded at the proper
resistance values for optimum results.

I like listening to you in video and I have been thinking about
using some of these small magnets to check out an idea I have.

As you know we are building a MadMack rotor right now so other
magnet rotor trials will come in time, yet that doesn't stop me from
seeing clear.

The added 3 battery splitting the positive is a nice added feature
for these motor gen systems and I would love to try one with
a cordless drill motor and some small 3.5vdc Li-Ion batteries or
some other lead acid batteries I have rated at 5ah.

People should go with what they have and get themselves stirred
up, like you have been doing for the past decades. In the end is
like you say, the experimenters getting their hands dirty will get
all of the honey. Look at Thane.

I know how people view Thane, like he is some sort of simple Simon
parroting robot with monotone voice and mechanical limbs, i see the
way he comes off. Hey that is what he knows we need, we don't
need a rookie trying to make a name by dazzling displays of deliberate
confusion, Thane is right on with his method of teaching.

And so are you Dave, I don't detect an oz of selfish arrogance in
your delivery either, Marc B. same same. People may misinterpret
a message in the video form as heady only because they are and
this is what they expect others to do. You are a leader by example
or not one at all.

I am a good judge of character. Look at Gerard he can be a pain
to listen to but he still means well, trying to help and this can be
seen by those who look.

Now back to your beginnings. I picked that beginning video because
many will identify with it. Sure it was only one step in the evolution of
your designs. I think they all are worth repeating as a means to
get those on board who desire a system.

How many designs are there on youtube or the web with a DC brush
motor powering a rotor full of nice neo's right past some hand wound
coils? My My, literally hundreds. The people are advancing the true
science, they are tired of the tricks and fakes.

Your generator has super magnets, big rotors, nice coils all powered by
a tiny scooter motor, that should be an expected norm for a serious
experimenter, such as yourself. That's not to much to ask, and when
the rotor and bearings are mounted the fun begins.

I can't wait to try it in the future. Thane and guys like you have me
so cranked up that I can taste the success already. It's guys like you
Dave that inspire the majority. I am looking forward to greater things
from your new advanced rig.

The other guy helping you makes your team a winner too.

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yes, I agree, you are not alone, these others you talk about
have great gifts and are given to help. Their answers are way over
my head in most cases. It takes money to do anything but to
me money is the cheapest thing you and I will ever have. If you
can learn something, that's much better than just mounds of
gold.

Keep up the good work. Oh yeah, one more thing before I go. You
state that your system is a product of luck and how others gave
to you to help your work on the project.

This gift is called a "PROJECT MANAGER" the project manager is the
grease in the wheels of progress, without him the ship sinks.

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Regenerative acceleration capacitor test voltage measurement
under a load.

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7 years ago Thane started testing with 2 MOT
(Microwave Oven Transformers) one coil being 100 turns
of 14awg wire and the other he calls a high voltage coil.

In later work he calls normal hand wound coils high voltage
coils since the wire selected is a small gauge wire that is very
long sometimes 1000's of feet long.

I like these video's because this was one of his beginning
video's and shows me how to get started with a few simple
tests.

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In case you missed the thread, here is all you need to let go of not only 7 years but 100+ years of old news:

http://www.energeticforum.com/284778-post9.html

Regards.

PS: That is because I could not pass one minute on first clip, without noticing the high voltage coil is receded on the core, as compared to the low voltage core, Read that post and you'll understand. Or not.

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Hello barbosi

I am new at this and will consider your entry. I also found this
old video. What do you make of this one? These are beginners
tests and the basis for a new invention.

BTW thanks for the CAPTOR system patent work.

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For a better look at the numbers for recycling power look here.
Demo 1 & 2 are very clear for those who have a mind to see.

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It is important to look at this performance test of a coil
set. Coil set meaning a spool that is wound having one
low impedance wind and one high impedance winding.

The beginning of this test shows a phase shift that I
say is associated reactive power factors. Almost 90
degrees means you multiply by .2 but this applies to
other calculations.

After we look at these numbers long enough it will become
clear what Thane is showing us about coils that assist
rotor torque while reclaiming huge amounts of energy
back to source.

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Looking at the Performance video above and also the patent
we can see that one set of coils is placed further away from
the rotor as a depiction of a delayed lenz when in fact both
distance and coil length are a more complete duty list to
delay maxium armature reaction at TDC.

Look at the shape of the core material, what do you see?
I see and irregular shaped core that is probably made from
a Permalloy that has a low response rate but never the less
higher than iron.
And not one pole only but two poles.

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Look up the TESLA patent US524426 there you will see
a plan to shift phase on 2 of the motor windings as a
suggestion. The patents are vague and mostly hypothetical
so we must go beyond there obvious statements.

Look at how this man uses a 10-12 year old idea based of
Thane Heins RegenX coils.

He says one thing I have been looking Hi and Low for he says
that the small DC motor current draw is the same or almost
the same without generator coils as with generator cores.

This has been a question that I have had for sometime.

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For those of you who are not sure about the basic coil theory and
terms such as cemp or bemf and many other speculative
declarations look at these simple diagrams for a more practical
side that will allow you to start building right away.

Unless this teaching is followed to the letter the input current
will climb out of control, the input current will drop if done
as follows and the output coils will assist rotor torque while
collecting huge sums of power returned to the battery.

You will need to take notes on this video.
Critical minimum freq and low resistance, high impedance are
all important thoughts. Self induced capacitance.

Equal and Equal reaction. Delayed Lenz.

I recommend that each diagram have hand written notes.

Unless each step is followed you will come back thinking
that acceleration under load is a meaningless operation.
Don't be like all the rest. Build yours today.

This man is building his empire on this simple thought.

In his case patents are not put together to hide his work along
with supplemented video instruction. He is safe this way.

Safe from attack because he has given away his work for free.

If you didn't know Thane was in EE college that told him that
his experiments were wrong. It was his experiments that produced
the innovation, not the school books

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It is important that people understand that motors are not
built in a random fashion whether conventional or otherwise.
I see ReGenX acceleration Under Load attempts all over the
web with half of them calling it a hoax.

Yet not many are addressing the math in their replications.
It would appear these experimenters drum up some part on hand
nail it up and give it a shot without understanding how accurate
motor building must be.

Give these diagrams a look. The first one is a beautifully machined
rig with perfection in math by none other than Thane the EE.

The next diagram is my feeble try at suggesting math is required.
It's no wonder that few successful replications are found.

The distance between magnets and core thickness all play a roll.
The critical minimum freq will not be reached and optimized at
random.

Some values will not be found without testing as long as you
are in the ball field.

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Here is a basic formula for these coils and let's
not forget the magnets have a distance apart
from one another. Distance traveled or speed
is one measurement to be made on YOUR rotor
and then there is the core area facing the magnets
if to large or small will result in reduced effects.

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Hello experimenters

I have a start for doing the math on the rotor. First we must
have something to start with and that is 1" magnets. Next we
need the number of poles. After that we must consider the
thickness of the magnet holders at 1/8th inch or 3mm. This
gives us a 6mm or 1/4" gap between magnets.

Next we can multiply 1.25" X 24 magnets = 30" dia. at the
center of the 1" magnets. This leaves 1/2" to the outside
of each magnet plus another 1/4" for an edge X 2 = an
additional 1.5" on to 9.6" = 11.1"

In other words 9.6" is the dia. at the center of the magnets

like this

1.25" magnet and gap X 24 = 30"

also found by trial

9.6" X 3.14 PIE = 30"

That is all for now, next we will need to look at the core area
and also the gap between magnet and core. Also remember that
the magnet holders might be used to shield so the magnets sitting
next to one another are not interacting with one another all of the
time. The goal is to have North and South pole magnets interacting
with core and coil only.

Think about how strong those bad boys are then look at the fields
as they lay by each other WITHOUT shielding, then add shielding.

Metal shielding can also redirect flux for a greater concentration
on one side, the side we are working with, unless of course you
want a double open end and that is fine. More possibilities later
as they all come to mind.

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Hello Experimenters

I have updated the diagram. In this installment I am running
basic math for reference in the future.

First the diagram look at the left side point A and B



The points A and B represent the distance that the rotor
will travel in 1 mSec @ 1800RPM here is how to reach that
value.

First we need the circumference at the center of the magnets
measured in INCHES. Since the diameter at the center of the
magnets is 9.6" we use PIE (3.14) X 9.6" = 30" Approx.

So using 30" around the circle for 1 rotation, at 1800 rotations
or 1800 RPM'S is 30" X 1800 = 54,000 inches of travel in 1 minute.

1 Minute = 60 sec so we can divide 54,000" by 60 sec and this
gives us the number of inches the rotor travels per second

OR
54,000 / 60 = 900" per second. So what about milliseconds?
Well 1 second = 1000 milliseconds and if we want
to figure out how far the rotor can travel in 1 mSec we divide
again.

Remember it was 900" per second? So divide 900 by 1000mSec
and this equals .9" @ one speed of 1800 revolutions per minute.

AT 1800RPM"S the 11" rotor will travel .9" in 1 mSec from point
A to point B at the left. If our core area that faces the
round rotor magnets is about 3/4" square as it travels from
point A to B this is about the time that it takes for one magnet
to loose it's influence on the core while the next magnet is
coming into full force.

This is about 1 mSec between magnetic poles @ 1800 RPM'S is
this case.


We don't want adjacent magnets fighting over the core
material, we want them working together.


If we use a 1.5" core this being to large the magnets will
fight each other for control over the core material and cause
heat. If the core area selected is 1/4" there will be a dead
zone of non active force that would depend more on momentum
as one magnet looses it's influence, waiting for another force to
pick it up.

It maybe a good lesson for experimenters to use 2 round magnets
of North and South as planned for a motor/generator and pass
various thickness core material over the area to understand
this exercise. Use different spacing and core thickness to
achieve an optimized geometry for your design.

Backyard experimenting without calculation will result in
complete and total failure, leaving 10 such builders wondering
why each person had a different result.

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According to the Thane Heins Patent information special
wire must be used and we all know the core material is
different than standard generators.

Here is one definition of the wire needed.

What is Superconductivity?

Superconductivity is a phenomenon where some materials exhibit no electrical resistance below certain cryogenic temperatures.

Superconducting Wire

Superconducting wire is made of superconducting materials which, when cooled below its transition temperature, has zero electrical resistance (see the image to the right). Often the superconductor is in filament form or on a flat metal substrate encapsulated in a copper or aluminum matrix that carries the current should the superconductor quench (rise above critical temperature) for any reason.

High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Wire

There are two well-recognized types of high temperature superconducting wire: BSCCO, known as first generation (1G) wire, and ReBCO, known as second generation (2G) wire. ReBCO stands for “Rare earth - Barium - Copper Oxide” for the superconducting compound. BSCCO stands for “Bismuth - Strontium - Calcium - Copper - Oxygen." Each of these processes has been refined over 20 years time and each type of coated conductor has trade-offs. The driving element that classifies each is operating temperature. Most importantly, by significantly reducing the overall system operating temperature HTS device manufacturers can realize power output increases in the magnitude of 10X.

First Generation (1G) HTS Wire

First Generation (1G) HTS Wire has been commercially available since 1990. During 1G HTS wire manufacturing, the powdered superconductive material fills silver alloy pipes. These are subsequently processed into a multi-filament HTS wire by means of a special rolling technology. The most commonly used materials in early HTS were bismuth-based, specifically Bismuth-Strontium-Calcium-Copper-Oxide (BSCCO - pronounced biss-co). These materials have been used to construct a variety of HTS power devices including transmission cable, transformers, fault current controllers, motors and generators

Though 1G HTS wire operated at higher temperatures and addressed the problem of costly cryogenics, the heavy reliance on silver as a raw material made the wire far too expensive to commercially produce. Recent improvements in 1G HTS wire performance has begun to shift this economic fault.

Second Generation (2G) HTS Wire

A majority of superconducting wire manufacturers are migrating to new Second Generation (2G) HTS materials utilizing Rare Earth, Barium-Copper-Oxide (ReBCO) compounds. 2G HTS materials are recognized as a superior superconductor by offering better performance in a magnetic field and improved mechanical properties - all at lower cost.

HTS wire manufactured with 2G HTS technology now surpasses 1G wire in electrical performance but at higher cost. Few Rare Earth compounds are recognized as 2G HTS materials options. The industry currently uses a varying of Rare Earth compounds (Yttrium, Samarium, Neodymium, Gadolinium) with Barium-Copper-Oxide (ReBCO) as the choice materials for HTS wire and HTS devices. Extensive 2G HTS wire technology R&D, pilot production and manufacturing scaling efforts are underway.

2G HTS wire offers additional benefits with its unique properties:

Unmatched critical current capacity
Increased in-field performance
Significant cost advantages
2G HTS devices are needed today to solve critical challenges in the power grid
Increase power capacity
Increase efficiency
Reduce size, weight and footprint
Improve utilization of assets


Medium Temperature Superconducting (MTS) Wire

HTS wire types using a Magnesium di-Boride (MgB) based process are usually produced by reaction of fine Magnesium and Boron powders, thoroughly mixed together and heated at a temperature around or above the melting point of pure Magnesium (> 600 °C).

MgB2 wires and tapes are therefore realized by means of the so-called Powder-In-Tube method (PIT). Thanks to the higher operating temperatures, MgB2 systems can be cooled by modern cryocooling devices. The main competing advantages for MgB2 based HTS wire manufacturing are low cost raw materials and relatively simple deposition techniques.

In contrast, MgB2’s low critical temperature (Tc) of 30 Kelvin is limited to applications that operate at lower temperatures (20 K). Low cost continues to be the main driver for MgB2 wire manufacturers.

However, because of its relatively simple PIT deposition approach, many believe that MgB2 may in the near term better serve applications like electronics in the form of flexible flat ribbon cables and superconducting cavities for RF applications.

MgB2 is a superconducting wire alternative operating at 20K; a temperature between LTS (4K) and HTS (65K)

Primary focus for HTS motor and generator applications
Price and performance is very attractive
Performs very well in high magnetic fields
Must operate between 15K to 30K
Poor physical properties
Cooling costs are more expensive and less reliable than liquid nitrogen
Not practical for HTS cable application, although demonstrations are underway


Low Temperature Superconducting (LTS) Wire

Low Temperature Superconducting (LTS) technology, which operates at liquid helium temperatures (4 Kelvin), was discovered in 1911. This technology became commercially successful in the 1960’s when wire was made from LTS materials for use in superconducting electromagnets. LTS electromagnets create fields that are much stronger than conventional copper based electromagnets.

Notably, these state-of the-art LTS electromagnets enabled new technologies like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). LTS superconducting wire is manufactured with Niobium Titanium (Nb-Ti) or Niobium Tin (Nb3Sn) using a powder-in-tube process, embedded in a non-superconducting matrix, such as a silver alloy, somewhat similar to the way traditional wire of copper or aluminum is made. Though LTS wire can be manufactured at costs competitive with copper, LTS devices are very expensive due to the high cost of cryogenic cooling and their reliance on silver. As a result, LTS technology remains quite limited to niche and specialized applications (e.g. Hadron Collider).

In 1987, materials were discovered that exhibited superconducting properties at temperatures as high as 90 K. This class of materials was called High Temperature Superconductors or HTS. While this is still very cold, it was a significant breakthrough. These materials could now be cooled by liquid nitrogen which is much easier to work with, more readily available without supply issues and, most importantly, considerably cheaper than liquid helium.

This drastic cost reduction in cryogenic systems cost opened new opportunities for superconducting applications. HTS communication devices, Maglev transportation, superconducting power cable and superconducting motors and generators were now economically possible. As with LTS devices, many HTS devices used superconducting wire as a base technology.

Features of LTS:

Are designed only to operate at 4K – therefore limiting to motor, generator applications
Cooling cost and reliability key roadblock to market entry – liquid helium required for cooling (scarce resource)
LTS is in full production use in MRI devices and can be scaled to meet demand for new MRI/NMR devices
Good in-field performance and strength – 3T to 10T
Very cost competitive - excluding cooling cost

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